Pest control, which had begun with simple tools and methods, was refined over centuries and completely reborn during World War II. The primitive tools now had scientific reasoning to explain their efficacy and identify their chemical formulations, moving them from the realm of natural extracts to synthesized pesticides, and signaling the rise of the chemical pesticide revolution. The Advance of Pesticides Through the 20th Century The humble beginnings of simple, natural repellents and physical pest controls grew into chemical and agricultural industries seeking out new and improved methods. As a result, all of the chemical compounds that were historically available in their botanical forms (e.g., rotenone in roots and pyrethrums in chrysanthemums) were purified for commercial and home use, and elemental compounds were blended to create more efficient pesticides.
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It was during the Victorian era that traditional methods of pest control were formally investigated and put to the scientific method. Its mixture of copper (II) sulfate and calcium hydroxide was designed to combat fungal and mildew infections in vineyards. Similarly, the Bordeaux Mixture was developed in the late 19th century to fight the Great French Wine Blight. In fact, Paris Green paints even continued to be produced up until the 1960s. By 1867, Paris Green was widely sold as an insecticide and rodenticide. In 1814, an inorganic compound of copper (II) acetoarsenite called “Paris Green” was introduced as a pigment. In addition, cyanides were recognized as toxic compounds in the pits of some fruits.ĭuring this era, chemical compounds were blended and produced for the purpose of pest control. It was at this time that nicotine compounds were purified from tobacco, pyrethrums were extracted from flowers, and rotenone isolated from roots. The 19th century marked the dawn of manufactured chemical pesticides, when chemicals began to be extracted from their botanical sources and were purified in laboratories. Older methods of pest control were still in use (removal, barriers, botanicals, and elemental salts) but the mechanisms behind their efficacy were still being discovered. Pest control methods definitely benefited from this pursuit of knowledge. The disciplines of chemistry and biology were embraced, opening up studies into chemical compounds, reactions, and chemical synthesis. In the span from the Middle Ages to the Victorian era, science moved from the realm of religion and magic to practical study.
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Pest Control from the Middle Ages to the Victorian Era Unfortunately, they often leached into the ecosystem, wreaking havoc on local wildlife and posing a health threat to its human inhabitants. The benefit of these inorganic pesticides, at the time, was that they lasted a long time and were not easily degraded. Meanwhile, lead compounds act as a calcium analog and cause incomplete heme synthesis, which leads to anemia. Mercury compounds (primarily organic mercury compounds) also have a high affinity for thiols, similar to arsenic compounds, and can disrupt biological and enzymatic processes. Arsenic compounds are still used today in wood treatment and preservative processes as well as some arsenate pesticides. Arsenic (III) oxides, which combine rapidly with thiols found in biologically important molecules such as cysteine and coenzyme A, interrupt enzymatic activities that include ATP production. Arsenic compounds (particularly Arsenic (III) oxides) were found to be highly toxic to insects, bacteria and fungi. The heavy metal compounds were probably first employed as pesticides because of their high toxicity. Subsequent scientific and cultural development led to the discovery and utilization of additional pesticide agents. Early Romans, for example, discovered that crushed olive pits could produce an oil called Amurea that was capable of killing pests.
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Early pesticides included the use of botanicals and simple elements or compounds. The most common forms of chemical pest controls are pesticides, which are chemical or biological agents designed to deter, discourage, incapacitate, or kill a pest. More recently, pest control efforts have evolved into management strategies.Ĭhemical pest control methods encompass a large range of strategies from companion planting to chemical sterilization agents. Prior to the development of synthetic pesticides, there was a slow, perpetual battle of simple tools and natural chemicals against the incessant onslaught of pests. Synthetic chemical pesticides, which were first deployed during the World War II era, are a relatively new development in an epic battle against pests and parasites. Modern pest management and control is an increasingly diverse science with thousands of different management strategies.